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  • Title: Sleepiness as a pathway linking race and socioeconomic status with academic and cognitive outcomes in middle childhood.
    Author: Philbrook LE, Shimizu M, Buckhalt JA, El-Sheikh M.
    Journal: Sleep Health; 2018 Oct; 4(5):405-412. PubMed ID: 30241654.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVES: This study examined self-reported sleepiness as a pathway of effects underlying racial and socioeconomic disparities in children's academic and cognitive performance. DESIGN: The study design was longitudinal, and path modeling was used to test study hypotheses. SETTING: Data were collected from participants residing in semirural communities and small towns surrounding Auburn, AL. PARTICIPANTS: Children (N = 282; 52% boys) participated in the study when they were 9 (M = 9.44, SD = .71) and 11 (M = 11.33, SD = .69) years old. The sample was 65% White/European American and 35% Black/African American. The majority of the children (63%) were living at or below the poverty line. MEASUREMENTS: At age 9, children reported on their daytime sleepiness over the prior 2 weeks. At ages 9 and 11, children completed cognitive assessments in the laboratory, teachers reported on children's academic functioning, and schools provided state (Alabama) standardized test scores. RESULTS: African American children and children from lower socioeconomic status homes reported greater sleepiness. Greater sleepiness, in turn, predicted lower academic functioning, cognitive performance, and Alabama standardized test scores. Sleepiness was a significant intervening variable, but not a mediator, in these pathways. Race was a stronger predictor of sleepiness than socioeconomic status when both were entered in the same model. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight sleepiness as a pathway of effects linking race and socioeconomic status to academic and cognitive outcomes. Psychoeducation targeting sleepiness for African American and lower-socioeconomic status children may be beneficial for boosting achievement.
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