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  • Title: [Interaction of the cholinergic and adrenergic systems during generation of 2 forms of sleep in Rana temporaria frogs and Emys orbicularis turtles].
    Author: Karmanova IG, Belich AI, Voronov IB, Shilling NV.
    Journal: Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol; 1977; 13(6):706-11. PubMed ID: 304642.
    Abstract:
    Universal role of cholinergic mechanisms has been revealed in triggering of activation during two forms of sleep in cold-blooded animals--the primary sleep (fish, amphibians) and intermediate sleep (reptiles). The intensity of activation phenomenon in the brain during these forms of the sleep is controlled by functional interaction between cholinergic and adrenergic systems of the brain. It is suggested that the vegetative nervous system is the most ancient regulatory system of the cycle awakefulness-sleep in vertebrates. The observed activation phenomenon, developing during sleep in the cold-blooded animals, with respect to its biological role plays presumably the same function as paradoxical stage during slow--wave sleep in warm-blooded animals.
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