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  • Title: Method of Dairy Manure Application and Time before Rainfall Affect Antibiotics in Surface Runoff.
    Author: Le HTV, Maguire RO, Xia K.
    Journal: J Environ Qual; 2018 Nov; 47(6):1310-1317. PubMed ID: 30512075.
    Abstract:
    Although research has shown that manure soil subsurface injection reduces nutrient input to the aquatic environment, it is less known if it also reduces antibiotic surface runoff from manure-applied fields. Surface runoff of four dairy production antibiotics was monitored comparing (i) surface application and subsurface injection of manure and (ii) time gaps between manure application and a subsequent rain event. Liquid dairy manure spiked with pirlimycin, tylosin, chlortetracycline, and sulfamerazine was applied to 1.5-m × 2-m test plots at an agronomic N rate via surface application and subsurface injection. On the day of application (Day 0), and 3 and 7 d after manure application, a simulated rainfall (70 mm h) was conducted to collect 30 min runoff. Target antibiotics in runoff water and sediment were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results demonstrated that runoff was a significant route for transporting antibiotics off manure-applied fields, amounting to 0.45 to 2.62% of their initial input with manure. However, compared with manure surface application, subsurface injection reduced sulfamerazine, chlortetracycline, pirlimycin, and tylosin losses in runoff by at least 47, 50, 57, and 88%, respectively. Antibiotic distribution between aqueous and solid phases of runoff was largely determined by water solubility and partition capacity of antibiotics to soil particles. Masses in the aqueous phase were 99 ± 0.5, 94 ± 4, 91 ± 7, and 22 ± 15% of pirlimycin, sulfamerazine, tylosin, and chlortetracycline, respectively. Manure application 3 d or longer before a subsequent rain event reduced antibiotic runoff by 9 to 45 times. Therefore, using subsurface injection and avoiding manure application <3 d before rain would be a recommended manure land management best practice.
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