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  • Title: Upper Extremity Problem-Solving: Challenging Cases.
    Author: Mayer NH.
    Journal: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 2018 Aug; 29(3):593-617. PubMed ID: 30626517.
    Abstract:
    Consequences of an upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS) include voluntary weakness or paresis, superimposed involuntary phenomena such as spastic co-contraction and associated reactions, and superimposed rheologic changes in affected muscles. This article describes the use of dynamic poly-electromyography to assess UMNS muscle overactivity and inform muscle selection for chemodenervation. Cases are presented that involve spastic co-contraction, spastic dystonia, associated reactions, hyperextended wrist and finger flexor tenodesis, differentiating neural versus non-neural (rheologic) hypertonia, upper motor neuron weakness, muscle selection for chemodenervation, and electrical stimulation for muscle specific targeting.
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