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  • Title: Assessment of the Cardiovascular System in Horses During Prepurchase and Insurance Examinations.
    Author: Reef VB.
    Journal: Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract; 2019 Apr; 35(1):191-204. PubMed ID: 30871830.
    Abstract:
    Arrhythmias detected on prepurchase examination should be confirmed with an ECG. Exercising ECG determines if the arrhythmia is overdriven during exercise or is a safety concern. An echocardiogram is needed in all horses with a grade 3/6 or louder mid to late systolic, holosystolic, or pansystolic murmur or any holodiastolic decrescendo murmur to identify the cardiac abnormality and its hemodynamic impact. Most horses with arrhythmias and murmurs have a normal performance career and life expectancy and are insurable. Risks for sudden death and congestive heart failure associated with the common murmurs and arrhythmias are identified, because these horses cannot be insured.
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