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  • Title: Epidemiology of hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease.
    Author: Belmar Vega L, Galabia ER, Bada da Silva J, Bentanachs González M, Fernández Fresnedo G, Piñera Haces C, Palomar Fontanet R, Ruiz San Millán JC, de Francisco ÁLM.
    Journal: Nefrologia (Engl Ed); 2019; 39(3):277-286. PubMed ID: 30898450.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Hyperkalaemia is a significant electrolyte imbalance in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) have beneficial cardio-renal properties, although they can often cause hyperkalaemia. OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of hyperkalaemia in CKD, identify factors associated with its appearance and the relationship between hyperkalaemia and mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study on patients with CKD in the period 1971-2017. The population was categorised into 3groups: Group 1, patients with CKD without renal replacement therapy; Group 2, patients on haemodialysis; and Group 3, patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. RESULTS: A total of 2,629 patients were evaluated. The prevalence observed in the different groups was: 9.6%, 16.4% and 10.6%, respectively. Risk factors related to the appearance of hyperkalaemia in the CKD group were glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (P<.001), plasma creatinine (P<.001), plasma sodium (P<.001), haemoglobin (P=.028), diastolic blood pressure (P=.012), intake of ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin ii receptor blockers (P=.008), treatment with metformin (P<.001) and diabetes (P=.045). Treatment with RAASi significantly increased hyperkalaemia as GFR decreased, as well as in patients with diabetes or heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperkalaemia is a frequent metabolic alteration in CKD patients that increases in the presence of drugs with beneficial cardio-renal properties (RAASi), which means that patients often lose the benefit associated with these drugs. New, recently-appearing non-absorbable compounds, which bind to potassium in the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing faecal excretion and thus maintaining the cardio-renal benefit of the RAASi, could be relevant in the progress of patients with CKD.
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