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Title: [The inhibition effects of apatinib on cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis in esophageal carcinoma via Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and JAK2/STAT3 pathways].
Author: Feng Y, Zhou MY, Sun F, Kong Z, Wang J, Sun ZQ, Hu LJ, Wang JL, Hua Q, Yu JP.
Journal: Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi; 2019 Apr 23; 41(4):263-275. PubMed ID: 31014051.
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of apatinib in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The esophageal cancer cells, KYSE-150 and ECA-109, were divided into control group and apatinib treatment group at the concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μmol/L respectively. All of experiments were performed in triplicate. MTT and colony formation assays were used to measure cell proliferation. Transwell assay was used to determine the migration capacity. The effect of apatinib on cell cycle and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of VEGF and VEGFR-2 was measured by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The concentration of VEGF in the cell supernatant was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of MEK, ERK, p-MEK, p-ERK, JAK2, STAT3 and p-STAT3 after VEGF stimulation were detected by Western blot. Furthermore, the nude mice xenograft model was established. The tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into control group, apatinib low dose treatment group (250 mg) and apatinib high dose treatment group (500 mg), respectively. Tumor inhibition rates of different groups were calculated. And then the expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 were detected in xenograft tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Results: In the presence of 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L of apatinib for 24 hours, the migration cell numbers of KYSE-150 and ECA-109 were 428.67±4.16 and 286.67±1.53 as well as 1 123.67±70.00 and 477.33±26.84, respectively, that were significantly lower than control group (P<0.05 for all). In addition, after treatment with 10 μmol/L, 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L of apatinib for 7 days on KYSE-150 and ECA-109, the colony formation rates were (65.12±25.48)%, (58.19±24.73)% and (29.10±22.40)% as well as (70.61±15.14)%, (61.12±17.21)% and (43.09±11.13)%, respectively. The colony formation rates of 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L of apatinib treatment groups were significantly lower than control group (100.00±0.00, P<0.05). The cell cycle ratio of G(2)/M phase and apoptosis rate of control group and 20 μmol/L apatinib group in KYSE-150 cells were (12.14±2.13)% and (3.49±0.74)% as well as (26.27±3.30)% and (15.65±1.54)%, respectively. The corresponding ratios in ECA-109 cells were (3.44±0.57)% and (6.31±1.43)% as well as (22.64±2.36)% and (49.26±1.62)%, respectively. The results show that apatinib suppressed cell cycle progression at G(2)/M phase and induced cell apoptosis in both KYSE-150 and ECA-109 cells (P<0.05 for all). In the presence of 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L of apatinib in KYSE-150 cells, the relative levels of VEGF mRNA were (42.57±10.43)% and (25.69±1.24)%, and those of VEGF-2 mRNA were (36.09±10.82)% and (13.99±6.54)%, which were all significantly decreased compared to control group (100.00±0.00, P<0.05 for all). For ECA-109 cells, the relative expression of VEGF and VEGFR2 showed similar tendency (P<0.05 for all). Moreover, after treatment with 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L of apatinib in KYSE-150 cells, the VEGF concentrations were (766.48±114.27) pg/ml and (497.40±102.18)pg/ml, which were significantly decreased compared to control group [(967.41±57.75) pg/ml, P<0.05)]. The results in ECA-109 were consistent (P<0.05). Furthermore, after treatment with 40 μmol/L of apatinib in KYSE-150 and ECA-109, the relative expression of p-MEK and p-ERK were 0.49±0.05 and 0.28±0.03 as well as 0.63±0.03 and 1.22±0.15, which were significantly lower than control group (1.23±0.19 and 0.66±0.07 as well as 1.03±0.20 and 1.76±0.20; P<0.05). The relative expression of STAT3, p-STAT3 in control group and experimental group were 0.96±0.15 and 0.85±0.16 as well as 0.62±0.09 and 0.36±0.13, respectively. The results showed that the protein levels of STAT3 and p-STAT3 were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05 for all). The inhibition rates of apatinib in xenograft nude mice were 29.25% and 19.96% for 250 mg and 500 mg treatment groups. The concentration of VEGF were (25.11±4.12) pg/ml, (16.40±2.81) pg/ml and (15.04±4.88)pg/ml for control, 250 mg and 500 mg treatment groups, respectively. Conclusions: Apatinib can inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and suppress migration of esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This effect was mainly mediated via the alterations of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and JAK2/STAT3 pathway. 目的： 探讨阿帕替尼对食管癌细胞生物学功能、食管癌裸鼠移植瘤生长情况的影响及其机制。 方法： 采用2.5、5、10、20、40 μmol/L阿帕替尼处理食管癌细胞KYSE－150和ECA－109，采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝法检测食管癌细胞的增殖活性，采用Transwell小室法检测食管癌细胞的迁移能力，采用克隆形成法检测食管癌细胞的克隆形成率，采用流式细胞术检测阿帕替尼对细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响，采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测食管癌细胞中血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF) mRNA和VEGF受体2(VEGFR－2) mRNA的表达，采用酶联免疫吸附法检测食管癌细胞上清液中VEGF浓度，采用Western blot法检测正常培养条件下和VEGF刺激下食管癌细胞中MEK、ERK、磷酸化MEK(p－MEK)、磷酸化ERK(p－ERK)、JAK2、STAT3和磷酸化STAT3(p－STAT3)的表达。建立人食管鳞癌裸鼠移植瘤模型，采用随机数字表法随机分为健康对照组、250 mg阿帕替尼组和500 mg阿帕替尼组，计算肿瘤抑制率，采用免疫组化法检测移植瘤瘤组织中VEGF和VEGFR－2的表达。 结果： 20、40 μmol/L阿帕替尼处理细胞24 h后，KYSE－150细胞的迁移数分别为(428.67±4.16)个和(286.67±1.53)个，ECA－109细胞的迁移数分别为(1 123.67±70.00)个和(477.33±26.84)个，均低于空白对照组[分别为(874.67±22.75)个和(1 749.67±65.77)个]，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。10、20、40 μmol/L阿帕替尼处理细胞7 d后，KYSE－150细胞的克隆形成率分别为(65.12±25.48)%、(58.19±24.73)%和(29.10±22.40)%，ECA－109细胞的克隆形成率分别为(70.61±15.14)%、(61.12±17.21)%和(43.09±11.13)%，均低于空白对照组(100%)，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。KYSE－150细胞中，20 μmol/L阿帕替尼组的G(2)/M期细胞比例和凋亡率分别为(26.27±3.30)%和(15.65±1.54)%，空白对照组分别为(12.14±2.13)%和(3.49±0.74)%，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。ECA－109细胞中，20 μmol/L阿帕替尼组细胞的G(2)/M期细胞比例和凋亡率分别为(22.64±2.36)%和(49.26±1.62)%，空白对照组分别为(3.44±0.57)%和(6.31±1.43)%，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。20、40 μmol/L阿帕替尼抑制后，KYSE－150细胞中VEGF mRNA的相对表达水平分别为42.57±10.43和25.69±1.24；VEGFR－2 mRNA的相对表达水平分别为36.09±10.82和13.99±6.54，均低于空白对照组(100.00±0.00)，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。20、40 μmol/L阿帕替尼抑制后，ECA－109细胞中VEGF mRNA的相对表达水平分别为75.68±9.37和20.11±3.45；VEGFR－2 mRNA的相对表达水平分别为17.24±9.52和7.77±3.89，均低于空白对照组(100.00±0.00)，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。20、40 μmol/L阿帕替尼处理后，KYSE－150细胞中VEGF的浓度分别为(766.48±114.27)pg/ml和(497.40±102.18)pg/ml，均低于空白对照组[(967.41±57.75)pg/ml]，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)；20、40 μmol/L阿帕替尼处理后，ECA－109细胞中VEGF的浓度分别为(675.21±46.69)pg/ml和(598.95±47.60)pg/ml，均低于空白对照组[(980.68±92.74) pg/ml]，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。40 μmol/L阿帕替尼作用72 h后，KYSE－150细胞中p－MEK和p－ERK的相对表达水平分别为0.49±0.05和0.28±0.03，均低于空白对照组(分别为1.23±0.19和0.66±0.07)，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)；40 μmol/L阿帕替尼处理后，ECA－109细胞中p－MEK和p－ERK的相对表达水平分别为0.63±0.03和1.22±0.15，均低于空白对照组(分别为1.03±0.20和1.76±0.20)，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。20 μmol/L阿帕替尼处理后，KYSE－150细胞中STAT3和p－STAT3蛋白的相对表达水平分别为0.62±0.09和0.36±0.13，空白对照组分别为0.96±0.15和0.85±0.16，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。250 mg阿帕替尼组和500 mg阿帕替尼组食管癌荷瘤裸鼠的抑瘤率分别为29.25%和19.96%，健康对照组、250 mg阿帕替尼组和500 mg阿帕替尼组裸鼠移植瘤组织中VEGF的浓度分别为(25.11±4.12)pg/ml、(16.40±2.81)pg/ml和(15.04±4.88)pg/ml，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论： 阿帕替尼可诱导食管癌细胞KYSE－150和ECA－109的凋亡而抑制其增殖、迁移和克隆形成，并抑制食管癌裸鼠移植瘤生长，其机制可能与VEGF相关通路Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK和JAK2/STAT3密切相关。.

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