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  • Title: Optical diagnostic methods for monitoring the poling of thin-film lithium niobate waveguides.
    Author: Zhao J, Rüsing M, Mookherjea S.
    Journal: Opt Express; 2019 Apr 29; 27(9):12025-12038. PubMed ID: 31052748.
    Abstract:
    We demonstrate two non-destructive methods of studying the gradual poling of thin-film lithium niobate waveguides by the application of a sequence of high-voltage pulses, and we show the transition from under-poling to over-poling and the identification of the optimal stopping point of the poling process. The first diagnostic method is based on changes in continuous-wave light transmission through a hybrid waveguide as it is gradually poled by using a second set of monitoring electrodes fabricated alongside the principal poling electrodes. The second method is based on confocal back-reflected second-harmonic microscopy by using femtosecond optical probe pulses. The results from the two methods are in agreement with each other and may be useful as non-destructive in situ diagnostic methods for optimized poling of integrated waveguides.
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