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  • Title: CO2 vulnerability in panic disorder.
    Author: Griez EJ, Lousberg H, van den Hout MA, van der Molen GM.
    Journal: Psychiatry Res; 1987 Feb; 20(2):87-95. PubMed ID: 3107009.
    Abstract:
    The immediate effects of a single inhalation of a 35% CO2 mixture in oxygen were examined in 12 patients with panic disorders and 11 normal control subjects. Compared to a placebo air inhalation, the CO2 inhalation provoked short-lived autonomic panic symptoms in both patients and normals; it also elicited high subjective anxiety in patients with panic disorders. The latter rated the overall CO2-induced state as very similar to a real-life panic attack.
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