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  • Title: Extreme divergence between one-to-one orthologs: the structure of N15 Cro bound to operator DNA and its relationship to the λ Cro complex.
    Author: Hall BM, Roberts SA, Cordes MHJ.
    Journal: Nucleic Acids Res; 2019 Jul 26; 47(13):7118-7129. PubMed ID: 31180482.
    Abstract:
    The gene cro promotes lytic growth of phages through binding of Cro protein dimers to regulatory DNA sites. Most Cro proteins are one-to-one orthologs, yet their sequence, structure and binding site sequences are quite divergent across lambdoid phages. We report the cocrystal structure of bacteriophage N15 Cro with a symmetric consensus site. We contrast this complex with an orthologous structure from phage λ, which has a dissimilar binding site sequence and a Cro protein that is highly divergent in sequence, dimerization interface and protein fold. The N15 Cro complex has less DNA bending and smaller DNA-induced changes in protein structure. N15 Cro makes fewer direct contacts and hydrogen bonds to bases, relying mostly on water-mediated and Van der Waals contacts to recognize the sequence. The recognition helices of N15 Cro and λ Cro make mostly nonhomologous and nonanalogous contacts. Interface alignment scores show that half-site binding geometries of N15 Cro and λ Cro are less similar to each other than to distantly related CI repressors. Despite this divergence, the Cro family shows several code-like protein-DNA sequence covariations. In some cases, orthologous genes can achieve a similar biological function using very different specific molecular interactions.
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