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  • Title: The use of freeze-dried retronasal stimuli to assess olfactory function.
    Author: Pal P, Shepherd D, Hamid N, Hautus MJ.
    Journal: Clin Otolaryngol; 2019 Sep; 44(5):770-777. PubMed ID: 31199078.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a test of olfactory perception that uses freeze-dried stimuli developed to rapidly release aromas capable of migrating to the olfactory mucosa retronasally. DESIGN: Validation study. SETTING: Psychology and Chemistry Departments. PARTICIPANTS: First, 15 participants provided data for psychometric functions. Second, 70 participants made perceptual judgments of retronasal stimuli. Inclusion criterion included informed consent and a satisfactory Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation result. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: First, psychometric functions were generated for two types of freeze-dried stimuli (coffee and orange) using the Single-Interval Adjustment Matrix method. Second, participants provided ratings of pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity and performed a standardised identification test using seven retronasally presented aromas alongside the previously validated Sniffin' Sticks orthonasal olfactory test. RESULTS: Psychometric functions indicated a dose-response relationship between aroma concentration and probability of detection. Test-retest reliability of the retronasal stimuli was acceptable (r70  = 0.72, P < 0.001), and identification scores were not dependent on testing method (ie, retronasal vs Sniffin' Sticks). Stimuli delivered using the Sniffin' Sticks test were rated more pleasant than their retronasal counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Freeze-dried retronasal stimuli offer an easy-to-use and rapid means to test olfaction function and are arguably well suited for clinical practice, but require further development and trialing prior to the adoption in the clinical context.
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