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  • Title: Panic attacks during relaxation and relaxation-induced anxiety: a hyperventilation interpretation.
    Author: Ley R.
    Journal: J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry; 1988 Dec; 19(4):253-9. PubMed ID: 3148637.
    Abstract:
    This paper explains how a hyperventilation theory of panic disorder accounts for panic attacks during relaxation and relaxation-induced anxiety. The explanation is based on the observation that chronic hyperventilators maintain a steady state of low pCO2 (arterial carbon dioxide tension) and are, therefore, sensitive to relatively small increases in ventilation when metabolism is low and to relatively sudden reductions in metabolism when ventilation is relatively constant. Thus, if minute volume of air breathed remains constant while the metabolic production of CO2 decreases, as in the case of one who sits down or lies down to relax, respiratory hypocapnea may increase in intensity until it produces the familiar sensations which mark the panic attack. Data from relevant studies of panic attacks during relaxation support the hyperventilation interpretation.
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