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  • Title: High incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients in the modern era.
    Author: Evernden C, Dowhan M, Dabas R, Chaudhry A, Kalra A, Dharmani-Khan P, Gregson D, Johnson A, Jupp J, Jimenez-Zepeda V, Jamani K, Duggan P, Tay J, Khan F, Daly A, Storek J.
    Journal: Cytotherapy; 2020 Jan; 22(1):27-34. PubMed ID: 31889628.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: International guidelines for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) prevention recommend prophylaxis for ≥6 months following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, and longer in patients with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or on immunosuppressive therapy (IST). These recommendations are based on cohorts of patients who did not routinely receive anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) for GVHD prophylaxis. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of 649 patients, all of whom received ATG as part of GVHD prophylaxis. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of definite PJP was 3.52% at both 3 and 5 years (median follow up, 1648 days for survivors). PJP occurred in 13 non-GVHD patients between days 207 and 508, due in part to low CD4 T-cell counts (<200 CD4 T cells/µL). PJP occurred in eight GVHD patients between days 389 and 792, due in part to non-adherence to PJP prophylaxis guidelines (discontinuation of PJP prophylaxis at <3 months after discontinuation of IST). Breakthrough PJP infection was not observed in patients receiving prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole, dapsone or atovaquone, whereas three cases were observed with inhaled pentamidine. DISCUSSION: In conclusion, for non-GVHD patients receiving ATG-containing GVHD prophylaxis, 6 months of PJP prophylaxis is inadequate, particularly if the CD4 T-cell count is <200 cells/µL or if there is a high incidence of PJP in the community. For patients with GVHD receiving ATG-containing GVHD prophylaxis, continuing PJP prophylaxis until ≥3 months post-discontinuation of IST is important. Cotrimoxazole, dapsone and atovaquone are preferred over inhaled pentamidine.
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