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  • Title: The narial musculature of Alligator mississippiensis: Can a muscle be its own antagonist?
    Author: Klassen M, Adams J, Cramberg M, Knoche L, Young BA.
    Journal: J Morphol; 2020 Jun; 281(6):608-619. PubMed ID: 32277720.
    Abstract:
    The crocodilian naris is regulated by smooth muscle. The morphology of this system was investigated using a combination of gross, light microscopic, and micro-CT analyses, while the mechanics of narial regulation were examined using a combination of Hall Effect sensors, narial manometry, and electromyography. Alligator mississippiensis, like other crocodilians, routinely switches among multiple ventilatory mechanics and does not occlude the nares during any portion of the ventilatory cycle. In a complex that is unique among vertebrates, a single block of smooth muscle functions in dilation when active, and in constriction when passive. The alligator nares may include one of the best examples of a muscle that functions in "pushing" as well as "pulling." The central muscle for narial regulation, the dilator naris, can legitimately be viewed as its own antagonist.
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