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Title: [Risk factors for death and the clinical features of different subtypes of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension related to congenital heart disease].
Author: Xu ZY, Li QQ, Zhang C, Zhang HS, Gu H.
Journal: Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi; 2020 Apr 24; 48(4):315-322. PubMed ID: 32370483.
Abstract:
Objective: To explore the risk factors for death in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension related to congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD) and the clinical characteristics of different subtypes in patients with PAH-CHD. Methods: It was a retrospective study. A total of 507 PAH-CHD patients, who were hospitalized in the Department of Pediatric Cardiology of Beijing Anzhen Hospital between September 2005 and May 2019, were included. Patients were divided into 4 subgroups: (1) Eisenmenger syndrome(ES) group. (2) PAH associated with prevalent systemic-to-pulmonary shunts(SP) group. (3) PAH associated with small defects(SD) group. (4) PAH after defect correction(CD) group. According to the complexity of cardiac malformation, patients were divided into simple-medium complex malformation group and complex malformation group. According to the location of shunts, patients were divided into pre-tricuspid group, post-tricuspid group, and mixed group or complex deformity group. Baseline clinical data of patients were collected from the electronic medical record system. Demographic data (age, gender, etc.), percutaneous oxygen saturation(SPO(2)), New York Heart Association(NYHA) cardiac function classification, 6 minutes walking distance(6MWD), and B type natriuretic peptide(BNP), systolic pulmonary arterial pressure(sPAP) estimated by echocardiography and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), mean right atrial pressure(mRAP), cardiac index(CI), and calculated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) estimated by right heart catheterization were compared among various groups. The results of regular follow-up of all enrolled patients were collected, including the status of monotherapy or combination of PAH-targeted drugs during the follow-up period, cardiac-related adverse events(hemopysis, syncope, edema, arrhythmia, etc.) and primary endpoint event(all-cause death) were obtained and analyzed. Risk factors for all-cause death were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis model. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 23.1(13.9,32.1) years, 345 cases(68.0%) were female. Two hunderds and thirty-five cases(46.4%) were diagnosed with ES; 193 cases(38.1%) were diagnosed with CD, 47 cases (9.3%) were diagnosed with SD. Among them, 32 cases(6.3%) were in the SP group. All 507 patients underwent echocardiography examination, there were significant differences in sPAP among different clinical subgroups(P<0.001). A total of 289 patients(57.0%) received right heart catheterization examination, the results showed that the ES group had the highest mPAP and PVR and the lowest mRAP(all P<0.001), the CD group had the highest mRAP and CI(both P<0.001). The 6MWD in the ES group was significantly shorter than that in the SP, SD, and CD groups(all P<0.001). The proportion of patients with NYHA class Ⅲ/Ⅳ was higher in SD group than in SP group(P<0.001), which was similar between SD, ES and CD groups (P values were 0.077 and 0.072, respectively). At admission, the proportion of patients with NYHA class Ⅰ/Ⅱwas the highest in SP group(96.9% (31/32) ), followed by CD group (85.5%(165/193)) and the ES group(85.1%(200/235)), and the SD group(75.0%(35/47)). The BNP level at admission was also higher in SD group than in SP, ES and CD groups(P<0.001). Of the 507 patients, 379(74.8%) patients received PAH-targeted drug therapy at the last follow-up, and the treatment plan was mainly monotherapy(75.7%(287/379)). The median follow-up time was 3.6(2.0, 5.6) years and 37(7.3%) patients died, including 13 in the CD group, 17 in the ES group, and 7 in the SD group. No deaths occurred in the SP group. Right heart failure was the most common cause of death(11(29.7%)), followed by severe hemoptysis dyspnea(7(18.9%)), sudden cardiac death(6(16.2%)), and pulmonary hypertensive crisis(4(10.8%)). Kaplan-Meier curve showed that survival rates of end-point-free events at 1, 3, 5 and 10 years after diagnosis of PAH were 98.0%, 95.4%, 89.9%, and 84.4%, respectively; there were statistically significant differences in survival among the subgroups(P=0.026); there was no significant difference in the survival rate between the ES group and the CD group(P=0.918), and both were higher than the SD group(P values were 0.011 and 0.013, respectively). Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that NYHA class Ⅲ/Ⅳ and BNP>100 ng/L at admission were the risk factors for all-cause death in patients with PAH-CHD(HR=6.452, 95%CI 3.378-12.346, P<0.001, and HR=2.481, 95%CI 1.225-5.025, P=0.012). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that NYHA class Ⅲ/Ⅳ was an independent risk factor for all-cause death in patients with PAH-CHD(HR=4.998, 95%CI 1.246-20.055, P=0.023). Conclusions: PAH-CHD patients with different clinical subtypes have different clinical symptoms, cardiac functional class, hemodynamic characteristics, and mid to long-term survival rates. SP patients have the best prognosis, outcome of ES and CD patients is similar, and SD patients have the worst prognosis. NYHA class Ⅲ/Ⅳ is an independent risk factor for all-cause death in patients with PAH-CHD. 目的： 分析先天性心脏病相关肺动脉高压（CHD-PAH）患者死亡的危险因素及不同亚型的临床特点。 方法： 该研究为回顾性研究。选取2005年9月至2019年5月于北京安贞医院小儿心脏中心住院的CHD-PAH患者共507例。将入选患者按不同临床亚型分为4组，即艾森曼格综合征（ES）组、左向右分流型肺动脉高压（SP）组、肺动脉高压合并小缺损（SD）组和先天性心脏病术后肺动脉高压（CD）组。根据心脏畸形的复杂程度，又将入选患者分为简单-中等复杂畸形组和复杂畸形组。根据分流位置，又将入选患者分为三尖瓣前分流组、三尖瓣后分流组及复合或复杂畸形组。通过电子病历系统收集入选患者的基线资料，包括人口统计学资料（年龄、性别等）、经皮血氧饱和度（SPO(2)）、纽约心脏协会（NYHA）心功能分级、6 min步行距离（6MWD）及B型利钠肽（BNP）等。收集入选患者超声心动图检查估测的肺动脉收缩压（sPAP）和右心导管检查测得的肺动脉平均压（mPAP）、右心房平均压（mRAP）和心指数（CI），及计算得出的肺血管阻力（PVR）。收集所有入选患者的定期随访结果，包括随访期间接受PAH靶向药物单药或联合用药治疗情况、心脏相关不良事件（咯血、晕厥、水肿、心律失常等）及主要终点事件（全因死亡）的发生时间和原因。通过单因素及多因素Cox回归模型分析患者全因死亡的危险因素。 结果： 研究共纳入CHD-PAH患者507例，年龄23.1（13.9，32.1）岁，女性345例（68.0%）。按临床亚型分组，确诊ES者235例（46.4%），即ES组；确诊CD者193例（38.1%），即CD组；确诊SD者47例（9.3%），即SD组；确诊SP者32例（6.3%），即SP组。507例患者均完成了超声心动图检查，结果显示不同临床亚型组患者的sPAP差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。共有289例（57.0%）患者完成了右心导管检查，结果显示ES组患者的mPAP和PVR最高，mRAP最低（P均<0.001）；CD组患者的mRAP最高，CI最低（P均<0.001）。ES组患者6MWD明显短于SP组、SD组和CD组（P均<0.001）。SD组NYHA心功能Ⅲ/Ⅳ级患者的比例高于SP组（P<0.001），但与ES组和CD组比较差异均无统计学意义（P分别为0.077和0.072）。首诊时SP组NYHA心功能Ⅰ/Ⅱ级患者的占比最高[96.9%（31/32）]，其次为CD组[85.5%（165/193）]和ES组[85.1%（200/235）]，SD组最低[75.0%（35/47）]。SD组患者首诊时的BNP水平亦高于SP组、ES组和CD组（P均<0.001）。507例患者中有379例（74.8%）在末次随访时接受了PAH靶向药物治疗，治疗方案以单药治疗为主[75.7%（287/379）]。入选患者的随访时间为3.6（2.0，5.6）年，期间37例（7.3%）患者死亡，包括CD组13例、ES组17例、SD组7例，SP组患者无死亡。右心衰竭为最常见的死亡原因[11（29.7%）]，其次为大咯血呼吸困难[7（18.9%）]、心脏性猝死[6（16.2%）]及肺动脉高压危象[4（10.8%）]。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线结果显示，CHD-PAH患者确诊后第1、3、5和10年无终点事件的生存率分别为98.2%、95.9%、90.6%和85.8%；ES组与CD组患者的生存率差异无统计学（P=0.918），且均高于SD组（P值分别为0.011和0.013）。单因素Cox回归分析结果显示，确诊时NYHA心功能Ⅲ/Ⅳ级是CHD-PAH患者全因死亡的危险因素（HR=6.452，95%CI 3.378~12.346，P<0.001）；首诊时BNP>100 ng/L是CHD-PAH患者全因死亡的危险因素（HR=2.481，95%CI 1.225~5.025，P=0.012）。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示，NYHA心功能Ⅲ/Ⅳ级是CHD-PAH患者全因死亡的独立危险因素（HR=4.998，95%CI 1.246~20.055，P=0.023）。 结论： CHD-PAH不同临床亚型患者的临床症状、心功能分级、血流动力学特点及中远期生存率不同，其中SP患者预后最好，ES及CD患者预后相似，SD患者预后最差。NYHA心功能分级Ⅲ/Ⅳ级是CHD-PAH患者全因死亡的独立危险因素。.

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