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  • Title: Females Have Earlier Muscle Strength and Functional Recovery After Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair.
    Author: Barnett S, Badger GJ, Kiapour A, Yen YM, Henderson R, Freiberger C, Proffen B, Sant N, Trainor B, Fleming BC, Micheli LJ, Murray MM, Kramer DE.
    Journal: Tissue Eng Part A; 2020 Jul; 26(13-14):702-711. PubMed ID: 32589515.
    Abstract:
    Background: While a sex effect on outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery has been previously documented, less is known following bridge-enhanced ACL repair (BEAR). We hypothesized that female sex would have significantly worse early functional outcomes and higher retear rates following primary repair of the ACL enhanced with a tissue-engineered scaffold. Methods: Sixty-five patients (28 males and 37 females), age 14-35 with a complete ACL tear underwent primary repair of the ACL enhanced with a tissue-engineered scaffold (bridge-enhanced ACL repair) within 45 days of injury. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome (KOOS) scores, as well as instrumented anteroposterior (AP) laxity through KT-1000 testing and functional outcome measures were obtained at time points up to 2 years postoperatively and compared between males and females using mixed model repeated measures analyses and chi square tests. Results: There was no significant sex difference on the postoperative IKDC Subjective Score at 3, 6, 12, or 24 months or any of the five KOOS scores at 12 and 24 months. Instrumented AP laxity testing demonstrated mean (standard deviation) side-to-side differences that were similar in the two sexes at 2 years; 1.7 (2.7) mm and 1.5 (3.7) mm in females and males, respectively, p = 0.72. At 6 months postoperatively, males had a larger deficit in hamstring strength on the operated leg (14.0% vs. 1.7%; p = 0.03) and a larger deficit in quadriceps strength on the operated leg (11.3% vs. 2.0%; p = 0.004); however, no sex difference was noted at 12 or 24 months. Females demonstrated superior single leg hop testing at 6 and 12 months ([91.3% vs. 78.1%, p = 0.001], [96.9% vs. 87.0%, p = 0.01] respectively). There were no significant sex differences on ipsilateral (males; 14.3% vs. females; 13.9%, p = 1.00) or contralateral (males; 3.6% vs. females; 2.8%, p = 1.00) ACL reinjury rates. Conclusions: Female subjects had better hamstring and quadriceps strength indices at 6 months than males as well as better hop test results at the 6 and 12-month time period. Despite this, there was no significant sex difference on patient-reported outcomes and objective AP laxity testing at time points up to 2 years postoperatively. Impact statement This is the first study comparing sex specific outcomes following the bridge-enhanced ACL repair technique (BEAR). The results of this study suggest that females have earlier recovery of both muscle strength and functional outcomes compared to their male counterparts. This is an important finding when considering future modifications to postoperative care and rehabilitation in females and males following this tissue-engineered BEAR technique.
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