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  • Title: Motion artifacts in brain and spine MR.
    Author: Hinks RS, Quencer RM.
    Journal: Radiol Clin North Am; 1988 Jul; 26(4):737-53. PubMed ID: 3289073.
    Abstract:
    As a result of the effects of cerebrospinal fluid and blood motion, motion artifacts are common in brain and spine MR imaging. These artifacts, which are most common on T2-weighted spin-echo sequences, show up as streaking and ghosting in the phase-encoding (PE) direction (PE artifacts) and as loss of signal from flowing material (flow void). A review of the physical and physiologic causes of these artifacts and a review and explanation of several techniques that are useful in reducing or eliminating them are presented in this article.
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