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  • Title: Esophageal Cancer: Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging.
    Author: Betancourt-Cuellar SL, Benveniste MFK, Palacio DP, Hofstetter WL.
    Journal: Radiol Clin North Am; 2021 Mar; 59(2):219-229. PubMed ID: 33551083.
    Abstract:
    Esophageal cancer is an uncommon malignancy that ranks sixth in terms of mortality worldwide. Squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant histologic subtype worldwide whereas adenocarcinoma represents the majority of cases in North America, Australia, and Europe. Esophageal cancer is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union for Cancer Control TNM system and has separate classifications for the clinical, pathologic, and postneoadjuvant pathologic stage groups. The determination of clinical TNM is based on complementary imaging modalities, including esophagogastroduodenoscopy/endoscopic ultrasound; endoscopic ultrasound-fine-needle aspiration; computed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; and fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography.
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