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  • Title: Urinary-free cortisol in depressed patients and controls: relationship to urinary indices of noradrenergic function.
    Author: Roy A, Linnoila M, Karoum F, Pickar D.
    Journal: Psychol Med; 1988 Feb; 18(1):93-8. PubMed ID: 3363046.
    Abstract:
    We measured urinary outputs of urinary-free cortisol in 28 medication-free depressed patients and 32 normal controls. Depressed patients had significantly greater urinary outputs of urinary-free cortisol than controls. Also, there were significant correlations among depressed patients, but not among controls, between urinary-free cortisol and urinary outputs of norepinephrine and its metabolite vanillylmandelic acid (VMA). These urinary data extend recent findings suggesting that dysregulation of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and noradrenergic system occur together in depression.
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