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  • Title: Birth order and its relationship to depression, anxiety, and self-concept test scores in children.
    Author: Gates L, Lineberger MR, Crockett J, Hubbard J.
    Journal: J Genet Psychol; 1988 Mar; 149(1):29-34. PubMed ID: 3373186.
    Abstract:
    Children (N = 404), 7 to 12 years old, were given the Children's Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale. First-born children scored significantly lower on depression than second-, third-, fourth-born, and youngest children. First borns showed significantly less trait anxiety than third-born children. First-born children also showed significantly higher levels of self-esteem than second-born and youngest children. Girls in this study showed significantly more trait anxiety than boys.
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