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Title: [The diagnostic performance of galactomannan detection in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with severe and critically ill influenza].
Author: Lin PC, Zeng JH, Su SS, Zhou Y, Chen JJ, Chen CS, Li YP.
Journal: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi; 2021 Apr 20; 101(15):1050-1056. PubMed ID: 33878831.
Abstract:
Objective: To analyze the diagnostic performance of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) galactomannan (GM) test in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis(IPA) with severe and critically ill influenza. Methods: A retrospective study was performed for 157 patients with severe and critically ill influenza admitted to the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from December 2017 to April 2019.Clinical characteristics and serum and BALF GM values were collected. The patients were divided into an IPA group (n=18) and a non-IPA group (n=139). The definition of IPA modified from AspICU algorithm taken as the gold standard (The corresponding clinical manifestations, imaging manifestations and microbiological diagnostic criteria should be met simultaneously), the performance of serum and BALF GM test and their combination to IPA with influenza were analyzed respectively and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn. Results: A total of 157 cases were enrolled, 95 were critically ill, and the mortality of IPA with influenza was 55.6%(10/18). The APACHE Ⅱ score, PSI score, urea nitrogen, influenza severity (Percentage of critically ill influenza) and invasive ventilator in IPA group were (16±6), (110±31), 10.7 (8.4, 17.8) mmol/L, 88.9% and 66.7%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in non-IPA group [(10±5), (83±30), 5.2 (3.6, 7.6) mmol/L, 56.8% and 24.5%, P<0.05]. All patients received serum GM test and 32 patients performed BALF GM test at the same time. When the cut-off valve of serum GM test was 0.5 μg/L, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 66.7% (12/18), 95.0% (132/139), 63.2% (12/19) and 95.7% (132/138) respectively. When the cut-off value of BALF GM test was 1.0 μg/L, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 80%(8/10),86.4%(19/22),72.7%(8/11)and 90.5%(19/21)respectively. The BALF GM cut-off value of 0.88 μg/L showed the highest diagnostic efficacy for IPA, for which the sensitivity and specificity were 90%(9/10) and 86.4%(19/22). The areas under the ROC curve of serum GM, BALF GM, and the combination of them were 0.81, 0.85, and 0.94 respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) and the combined diagnosis efficiency was higher. Conclusions: Critically ill influenza patients should be alert for IPA. The sensitivity of serum GM test in the diagnosis of IPA with influenza was low, while the NPV was high. The optimum BALF GM cut-off value was 0.88 μg/L. The combination with BALF and serum GM test can improve the diagnostic performance. 目的： 探讨血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）半乳甘露聚糖（GM）试验对重症与危重症流感合并侵袭性肺曲霉病（IPA）的诊断价值。 方法： 回顾性分析2017年12月至2019年4月温州医科大学附属第一医院呼吸与危重症医学科收治的重症和危重症流感病例157例。收集入组病例的临床资料、血清和BALF的GM值，根据患者是否合并IPA分为IPA组（n=18）和非IPA组（n=139）。以改良版AspICU诊断标准为金标准（需同时符合相应的临床表现、影像学表现以及微生物诊断标准），比较血清和BALF GM试验及两者联合对流感合并IPA的诊断价值，并绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线。 结果： 157例重症与危重症流感患者中，危重症95例，合并IPA患者的死亡率为55.6%（10/18）。IPA组APACHE Ⅱ评分、PSI评分、尿素氮、流感严重程度（危重型流感占比）和有创呼吸机使用率分别为（16±6）分、（110±31）分、10.7（8.4，17.8） mmol/L、88.9%、66.7%，明显高于非IPA组的（10±5）分、（83±30）分、5.2（3.6，7.6） mmol/L、56.8%、24.5%（均P<0.05）。所有患者行血清GM试验，32例患者同时行血清和BALF GM试验。临界值为0.5 μg/L时，血清GM试验诊断重症与危重症流感合并IPA的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值（PPV）及阴性预测值（NPV）分别为66.7%（12/18）、95.0%（132/139）、63.2%（12/19）、95.7%（132/138）。32例患者同时行BALF GM试验，临界值为1.0 μg/L时，敏感度、特异度、PPV及NPV分别为80.0%（8/10）、86.4%（19/22）、72.7%（8/11）、90.5%（19/21）；通过ROC曲线计算显示，BALF GM试验的最佳临界值为0.88 μg/L，敏感度和特异度分别为90.0%（9/10）、86.4%（19/22）。血清GM、BALF GM和两者联合的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.81、0.85和0.94，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），两者联合诊断流感合并IPA的诊断效能较高。 结论： 危重症流感患者需警惕合并IPA的可能，血清GM试验诊断流感合并IPA的敏感度较低，但阴性预测值较高；BALF GM试验临界值为0.88 μg/L时诊断效能最高；联合BALF和血清GM试验可提高诊断效能。.

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