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  • Title: Cumulative exposure to melphalan chemotherapy and subsequent risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes in patients with multiple myeloma.
    Author: Jonsdottir G, Björkholm M, Turesson I, Hultcrantz M, Diamond B, Porwit A, Landgren O, Kristinsson SY.
    Journal: Eur J Haematol; 2021 Aug; 107(2):275-282. PubMed ID: 33966293.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for development of acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndromes (AML/MDS) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS: We identified all patients diagnosed with MM in Sweden from January 1st, 1958 to December 31, 2011. A total of 26 627 patients were diagnosed with MM with during the study period. Of these, 124 patients (0.5%) developed subsequent AML/MDS. For each patient with MM and a subsequent AML/MDS diagnosis, we randomly selected a matched (age, sex, and date of MM diagnosis) MM patient without a subsequent second malignancy diagnosis. RESULTS: The cumulative melphalan exposure was significantly higher (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.7-5.2; P < .001) among cases (median 988 mg; IQR 644-1640) compared with controls (median 578 mg; IQR 360-967). Median time to AML/MDS development was 3.8 years (IQR 2.8-5.8). Risk of AML/MDS was not statistically altered by M protein isotype, anemia, renal failure, hypercalcemia, lytic bone lesions, or radiation therapy. CONCLUSION: In this nationwide population-based study, we show that increased cumulative doses of alkylating therapy with melphalan increases the subsequent risk of developing AML/MDS in patients with MM. Given improved survival in MM patients over the last decade future studies will be important to better define long-term risks.
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