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  • Title: A milestone in congenital cardiac surgery: Four decades of the Norwood procedure.
    Author: Mazurak M, Kusa J.
    Journal: J Card Surg; 2021 Aug; 36(8):2919-2923. PubMed ID: 34002897.
    Abstract:
    Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) was first described by Lev in 1952, but it was not until 1958 that it received a name from Noonan and Nadas. For the next several decades, the defect was considered untreatable. In 1979, William Norwood and his colleagues from Boston initiated a program to evaluate staged surgical management for infants with HLHS. The Norwood operation has became a milestone in the effective palliation for neonates born with HLHS. Today, the Norwood procedure is the first step of a three-stage heart surgery aimed at creating a new circulatory pathway (i.e., the Fontan pathway).
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