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  • Title: A percutaneous perineal approach for cystoscopy in male dogs.
    Author: Brearley MJ, Milroy EJ, Rickards D.
    Journal: Res Vet Sci; 1988 May; 44(3):380-2. PubMed ID: 3406534.
    Abstract:
    A percutaneous perineal approach is presented as a further technique for rigid cystoscopy in male dogs. The anatomy of the urethra in the male dog prevents rigid cystoscopy by non-surgical means but a fine flexible fibrescope may be used. Perineal urethrotomy and prepubic percutaneous puncture techniques using rigid endoscopes have been described; however, both have possible serious complications. This new procedure allows access for visual examination, biopsy and resection as necessary and appears to have few adverse sequelae.
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