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  • Title: Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum as the source of paralytic shellfish toxins in Tasmanian shellfish.
    Author: Oshima Y, Hasegawa M, Yasumoto T, Hallegraeff G, Blackburn S.
    Journal: Toxicon; 1987; 25(10):1105-11. PubMed ID: 3424391.
    Abstract:
    Paralytic shellfish toxins in both cultured cells and natural phytoplankton blooms of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from inshore Tasmanian waters (Australia) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography and electrophoresis techniques. The dinoflagellate toxins were dominated by low potency sulfocarbamoyl saxitoxin derivatives (98-99 mole% in total), including gonyautoxin VIII (C2) and its epimer (C1) and sulfocarbamoyl gonyautoxins I and IV (C3 and C4). Mussels and oysters contaminated by the dinoflagellate showed similar toxins, but contained larger proportions of C3 (40-57 mole%) and more potent carbamate toxins (7-23 mole% total).
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