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  • Title: Oligomerization of Pharmaceutically Relevant Insulin Analogues for Varying Concentration and Salinity Revealed by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering.
    Author: Jensen GV, Rosenmejer KR, Huda P, Arleth L.
    Journal: Mol Pharm; 2021 Sep 06; 18(9):3272-3280. PubMed ID: 34351780.
    Abstract:
    Two different insulin analogues, insulin degludec and lithocholyl insulin, were studied by small-angle X-ray scattering with respect to their self-assembly and interactions in solution at different concentrations of insulin and salt, NaCl. Very different behavior was observed for the two. Insulin degludec, linked to a hexadecanedioic acid, consistently formed di-hexamers, without any further oligomeric growth upon screening of electrostatic repulsions, indicating a stable di-hexamer unit without further oligomerization, as expected in the presence of phenol. The other insulin analogue, linked to the sterol lithocholic acid, formed n-hexamers with n ranging from 1 to 15, increasing with NaCl concentration and insulin concentration, indicating attractive forces in competition with the electrostatic repulsion and solution entropy. At the highest concentration of insulin and NaCl, a liquid crystal phase was observed, which has not previously been identified, featuring a quadratic structure organized into layers, which might hold interesting properties for pharmaceutical applications.
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