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  • Title: The effect on fixation disparity and associated heterophoria of reading at an abnormally close distance.
    Author: Pickwell D, Jenkins T, Yekta AA.
    Journal: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt; 1987; 7(4):345-7. PubMed ID: 3454908.
    Abstract:
    It is well established that prism stress on binocular vision produces fixation disparity. It is therefore suggested that fixation disparity is a sign of stress on binocular vision. The authors have previously looked at the stress caused by reading in reduced levels of illumination, and found that the average fixation disparity and associated heterophoria become more exophoric. In this paper the effect on fixation disparity and associated heterophoria of reading at an abnormally close distance is reported. It was found that in 50 young adults fixation disparity and associated heterophoria increased to a greater degree of exo-disparity. An analysis of the visual symptoms indicated that there was also an increase in the visual discomfort and other symptoms.
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