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Title: Treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability by double-band anatomical reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament's fibular enthesis.
Author: Chen H, Zhang T, Qu J, Li X, Sun D, Qiu X, Lü H, Xu D.
Journal: Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban; 2021 Dec 28; 46(12):1354-1362. PubMed ID: 35232904.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injury is one of the most common injuries in sports medicine, resulting in chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). The patients' daily life may be seriously affected by ankle osteoarthritis and other irreversible damages, if the ATFL injury is not treated in time and drags on. Patients with ATFL injury who show no significant recovery after 3-6 months of conservative treatment should consider surgical treatment as soon as possible to restore ankle stability and function. This study aims to investigate the effect of double-bands anatomical reconstruction of the ATFL's fibular enthesis for the treatment of CLAI. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on 67 patients diagnosed with CLAI in the Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from January 2015 to January 2018, including 42 males and 25 females, aged from 17 to 41 years old, with disease course of (12.6±3.2) months. Of the 67 patients, 29 left ankles and 38 right ankles were included in this study. Patients suffered from repeated sprains which leaded to pain, swelling and obvious ankle relaxation. There were obvious tenderness at the ATFL insertion and the calcaneal fibular ligament insertion. Both the anterior ankle drawer test and the varus stress test were positive. Other ankle disorders were excluded by X-ray. Preoperative color Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance examination were performed to observe ATFL injury. All the patients had surgical indications and no obvious contraindications, and they were treated with arthroscopic debridement and double-bundle anatomical reconstruction of the AFTL's fibular enthesis under anesthesia. Postoperative routine nursing and standardized rehabilitation exercise were recommended. Outpatient follow-up was conducted at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, Karlsson Ankle Functional (KAF) score, and the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) scale were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Intraoperative arthroscopic examination of 67 patients showed inflammatory synovial hyperplasia in 52 cases (77.6%), obvious osteophyte hyperplasia in 12 cases (17.9%), talus osteochondral injury of grade II-III in 23 cases (34.3%), and cartilage injury of grade IV in 5 cases (7.5%). All operations were carried out successfully, and both the anterior ankle drawer test and the varus stress test were negative under anesthesia after surgery. The anchors were in good position. Among them, 3 patients (4.5%) got temporary superficial peroneal nerve palsy and skin numbness at ankle joint after surgery, which gradually recovered within 2 weeks. There were no serious perioperative complications such as infection and suppurative arthritis. Postoperative follow-up was conducted for 12-24 (15.64±3.17) months. At the last follow-up, all patients were walking normally. Most patients had no pain or occasionally mild pain. Ankle function and motion were restored without re-instability. Sixty-four patients (95.5%) worked and exercised as before the surgery. Standing X-ray examination indicated normal joint space without stenosis, and the internal fixation was in good position. Postoperative AOFAS scores (94.78±6.37) were significantly better than the preoperative scores (64.17±12.43, P<0.01). Besides, the KAF scores and the JSSF ankle/hindfoot scale before surgery were significantly increased (KAF: 91.04±11.36 vs 59.74±13.63, P<0.01; JSSF: 95.32±10.21 vs 66.92±14.38, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic debridement and double-bands anatomical reconstruction of the ATFL's fibular enthesis for the treatment of CLAI gains beneficial short-term effects for its minimal invasion and quick recovery. 目的: 距腓前韧带(anterior talofibular ligament，ATFL)损伤是运动医学领域最常见的损伤性疾病之一，常导致踝关节外侧不稳定，如未获得及时有效的治疗，病情长期迁延反复，将发展为踝骨关节炎而出现不可逆性损害，严重影响患者的日常生活。经保守治疗3~6个月后未见明显好转的ATFL损伤患者应尽早考虑手术修复以恢复踝关节的稳定性和功能。本研究旨在探讨ATFL腓骨止点双束解剖重建治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳的临床疗效。方法: 回顾性调查2015年1月至2018年1月间在中南大学湘雅医院运动医学科诊断为慢性踝关节外侧不稳的67例患者，其中男42例，女25例，年龄17~41岁，病程为(12.6±3.2)个月；左踝29例，右踝38例。患者均因反复扭伤导致踝关节疼痛、肿胀、关节明显松弛；ATFL止点压痛、跟腓韧带止点压痛、踝关节前抽屉试验、内翻应力试验均为阳性。采用X线检查排除其他踝关节疾患，术前采用彩色多普勒超声和磁共振检查观察患侧ATFL损伤情况。患者均有手术指征且无明显手术禁忌证，在神经阻滞麻醉下采用踝关节镜下清理并ATFL腓骨止点双束解剖重建手术治疗。术后予以常规护理及标准化流程的康复锻炼。术后3、6、12、24个月进行门诊随访，使用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society，AOFAS)评分、卡尔森踝关节功能(Karlsson ankle functional，KAF)评分及日本足踝外科学会(the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot，JSSF)量表评分评价临床结果。结果: 67例患者在术中关节镜下检查发现炎性滑膜增生52例(77.6%)，明显骨赘增生12例(17.9%)，II~III度距骨骨软骨损伤23例(34.3%)，IV度软骨损伤5例(7.5%)。所有患者顺利完成手术，术后在麻醉状态下前抽屉试验为阴性、内翻应力试验为阴性；术后锚钉位置良好。其中3例(4.5%)患者术后出现腓浅神经暂时性麻痹，足踝部皮肤麻木，2周内逐渐恢复；无围手术期感染、化脓性关节炎等严重围手术期并发症。术后随访12~24(15.64±3.17)个月。末次随访时，所有患者可以正常行走；踝关节疼痛较术前明显好转，大多数患者无疼痛或偶有轻度疼痛；踝关节的功能及活动度得到恢复，没有发生再次失稳。64例(95.5%)患者可以恢复至伤前的劳动或运动水平。站立位X线检查提示关节间隙良好，未见狭窄；内固定位置良好。术后AOFAS评分(94.78±6.37)明显优于术前(64.17±12.43，P<0.01)，KAF评分和JSSF量表评分较术前均显著增加，差异具有统计学意义(KAF：91.04±11.36 vs 59.74±13.63，P<0.01；JSSF：95.32±10.21 vs 66.92±14.38，P<0.01)。结论: 关节镜下清理并ATFL腓骨止点双束解剖重建治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳具有创伤小、恢复快的优点，近期疗效良好。. OBJECTIVE: Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injury is one of the most common injuries in sports medicine, resulting in chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). The patients' daily life may be seriously affected by ankle osteoarthritis and other irreversible damages, if the ATFL injury is not treated in time and drags on. Patients with ATFL injury who show no significant recovery after 3-6 months of conservative treatment should consider surgical treatment as soon as possible to restore ankle stability and function. This study aims to investigate the effect of double-bands anatomical reconstruction of the ATFL’s fibular enthesis for the treatment of CLAI. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on 67 patients diagnosed with CLAI in the Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from January 2015 to January 2018, including 42 males and 25 females, aged from 17 to 41 years old, with disease course of (12.6±3.2) months. Of the 67 patients, 29 left ankles and 38 right ankles were included in this study. Patients suffered from repeated sprains which leaded to pain, swelling and obvious ankle relaxation. There were obvious tenderness at the ATFL insertion and the calcaneal fibular ligament insertion. Both the anterior ankle drawer test and the varus stress test were positive. Other ankle disorders were excluded by X-ray. Preoperative color Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance examination were performed to observe ATFL injury. All the patients had surgical indications and no obvious contraindications, and they were treated with arthroscopic debridement and double-bundle anatomical reconstruction of the AFTL's fibular enthesis under anesthesia. Postoperative routine nursing and standardized rehabilitation exercise were recommended. Outpatient follow-up was conducted at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, Karlsson Ankle Functional (KAF) score, and the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) scale were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Intraoperative arthroscopic examination of 67 patients showed inflammatory synovial hyperplasia in 52 cases (77.6%), obvious osteophyte hyperplasia in 12 cases (17.9%), talus osteochondral injury of grade II-III in 23 cases (34.3%), and cartilage injury of grade IV in 5 cases (7.5%). All operations were carried out successfully, and both the anterior ankle drawer test and the varus stress test were negative under anesthesia after surgery. The anchors were in good position. Among them, 3 patients (4.5%) got temporary superficial peroneal nerve palsy and skin numbness at ankle joint after surgery, which gradually recovered within 2 weeks. There were no serious perioperative complications such as infection and suppurative arthritis. Postoperative follow-up was conducted for 12-24 (15.64±3.17) months. At the last follow-up, all patients were walking normally. Most patients had no pain or occasionally mild pain. Ankle function and motion were restored without re-instability. Sixty-four patients (95.5%) worked and exercised as before the surgery. Standing X-ray examination indicated normal joint space without stenosis, and the internal fixation was in good position. Postoperative AOFAS scores (94.78±6.37) were significantly better than the preoperative scores (64.17±12.43, P<0.01). Besides, the KAF scores and the JSSF ankle/hindfoot scale before surgery were significantly increased (KAF: 91.04±11.36 vs 59.74±13.63, P<0.01; JSSF: 95.32±10.21 vs 66.92±14.38, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic debridement and double-bands anatomical reconstruction of the ATFL’s fibular enthesis for the treatment of CLAI gains beneficial short-term effects for its minimal invasion and quick recovery.

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