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  • Title: Experimental observations of the effects of intermolecular Van der Waal forces on entropy.
    Author: Marko MD.
    Journal: Sci Rep; 2022 May 02; 12(1):7105. PubMed ID: 35501428.
    Abstract:
    An experimental effort was conducted to measure the change in internal energy of non-ideal carbon dioxide as its volume rapidly expanded with the sudden opening of a valve from one to two compressed gas cylinders. This was achieved by measuring the mass heat capacity of the gas cylinders and the manifold-valve, and measuring the change in temperature from the sudden doubling of volume of the non-ideal carbon dioxide. It was determined that an empirical equation for the change in internal energy of a non-ideal fluid was more accurate than previous methods used for estimating the change in internal energy by estimating the change in entropy. With this empirical equation, a theoretical ideal Stirling cycle heat engine that exceeds the Carnot efficiency was realized by utilizing non-ideal carbon dioxide as a working fluid.
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