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  • Title: Maternal cigarette smoking and oral clefts: a population-based study.
    Author: Khoury MJ, Weinstein A, Panny S, Holtzman NA, Lindsay PK, Farrel K, Eisenberg M.
    Journal: Am J Public Health; 1987 May; 77(5):623-5. PubMed ID: 3565662.
    Abstract:
    Analyses of 1984 data from the Maryland Birth Defects Reporting and Information System indicate that mothers of infants with oral clefts (cleft lip with or without cleft palate; and cleft palate) smoked more during pregnancy than mothers of infants with other defects (odds ratio OR of 2.56 and 2.39, respectively). There was a dose-response relation between the daily amount smoked and the risk of clefting. Adjustment for available confounding variables did not account for the association between smoking and oral clefts.
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