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  • Title: The learning process in biofeedback: is it feed-forward or feedback?
    Author: Dunn TG, Gillig SE, Ponsor SE, Weil N, Utz SW.
    Journal: Biofeedback Self Regul; 1986 Jun; 11(2):143-56. PubMed ID: 3567234.
    Abstract:
    Twenty participants responded to inquiries about strategies used, and thoughts during, each of three electromyograph biofeedback sessions. The purpose of the study was to learn more about what individuals report doing during biofeedback and, specifically, to determine if individuals construct a response using feedback to sense subtle differences in muscle tension (feedback processes), or select a response from an existing repertoire using feedback primarily for confirmation (feed-forward processes). Protocol analyses found considerable support for feed-forward processes and little support for feedback processes. Such results are important because early reliance on feed-forward processes may result in limited control and limited transfer.
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