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  • Title: Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances-Part 1: Particulate and gaseous emissions.
    Author: Trojanowski R, Lindberg J, Butcher T, Fthenakis V.
    Journal: J Air Waste Manag Assoc; 2022 Jul; 72(7):738-761. PubMed ID: 35775655.
    Abstract:
    This study investigated how heat demand and fuel loading affect the emissions from outdoor wood-fired hydronic heaters by testing two such appliances using an integrated-duty cycle test method. This test included transient operating conditions, such as cold and hot-starts and modulation between 15 and 100% of maximum rated output. Emission values indicate transient operating conditions produce higher emissions than steady state operation. Cold starts resulted in elevated particulate matter emission factors for both appliances; in one case the particulate matter emission factor for this period was >3500 mg/MJ, which represented emissions 20 times the average value. Additionally, when heat demand was cycled-elevated CO emission factors were measured, with values >5000 mg/MJ for both appliances and more than 3 times the appliance averages, respectively. It follows that the appliance average particulate matter emission factors and CO emission factors were not representative of the actual EF values during these transient periods. In contrast, methane emission factors were relatively stable throughout all tested combustion conditions; however, they were much higher than oil-fired appliances are therefore should not be ignored. These findings demonstrate that wood-fired hydronic heater emissions during transient operating conditions can be significantly greater than emissions during steady-state test conditions, such as those used in typical certification tests. Consequently, certification test values for particulate matter and CO emission factors may significantly underestimate the actual emissions of these appliances when operated in a home. Use of integrated duty-cycle test protocols that capture cold-starts and reloading are better for representing in-use operations of wood-fired hydronic heaters and provide more realistic emissions and delivered efficiency measurements.Implications: In this work we provide information on the particulate and gaseous emissions from two wood fired outdoor hydronic heaters. The units were tested using an integrated duty cycle test method that captured cold starts, reload, cyclic and modulating periods between 15 and 100% of maximum rated output. The data and results show a much higher emission factor than those reported by current certification test methods but are more representative of how the units operate in the field.
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