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  • Title: Measuring 3D facial displacement of increasing smile expressions.
    Author: Fishman Z, Kiss A, Zuker RM, Fialkov JA, Whyne CM.
    Journal: J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg; 2022 Nov; 75(11):4273-4280. PubMed ID: 36171175.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Following paralysis, facial reanimation surgery can restore movement by nerve and/or muscle transfer within the face. The subtleties of lip and cheek movements during smiling are important aspects in assessing reanimation. This study quantifies average 3D movement vectors of the face during smiling based on the diverse Binghamton University 3D facial expression database to yield normative measures of lip and cheek movement. METHODS: The analysis was conducted on 100 subjects with 3D facial scans in a neutral and 4 increasing smile intensities, as well as associated labeled 3D landmark points. Each subject set of 3D scans was rigidly registered to measure average displacement vectors (distance, azimuth, and elevation) between the neutral and happy expressions. RESULTS: The average lip commissure displacement was found to be 9.2, 11.4, 13.5, and 16.0 mm for increasing smile levels 1-4, respectively. Similarly, the average commissure azimuth angle across all 4 smile levels is ∼44 ± 21 degrees, and the average elevation angle across all 4 smile levels is ∼37 ± 15 degrees. The maximum cheek displacement from the neutral expression was 4.5, 5.7, 6.8, and 7.9 mm for the smile levels 1-4, respectively. The average cheek movement azimuth angle is outward (increasing 1-13 degrees), and the elevation angle is upward (increasing 51-59 degrees) from the face. CONCLUSIONS: These data quantifying 3D lip and cheek smile displacements improve the understanding of facial movement and may be applicable to future assessment/planning of facial reanimation surgeries.
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