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  • Title: Management of Mastitis, Abscess, and Fistula.
    Author: Snider HC.
    Journal: Surg Clin North Am; 2022 Dec; 102(6):1103-1116. PubMed ID: 36335928.
    Abstract:
    Peripheral nonlactational abscesses behave like other soft tissue abscesses and resolve with drainage and antibiotics. Subareolar abscesses tend to recur or develop fistulae between obstructed ducts and the border of the areola and are usually seen in women in their thirties who have a history of smoking or a congenitally cleft nipple. The underlying cause of subareolar abscesses and fistulae is the obstruction of terminal ducts due to keratin plugging caused by squamous metaplasia of the ducts. Successful resolution of the problem requires excision of the terminal ducts in and just below the nipple along with the correction of nipple deformity, if present.
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