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  • Title: The characteristics of spontaneous language in young children identified as language delayed in Mandarin.
    Author: Liu XL, Ning C, Villiers J, Lee W, Rolfhus E, Hutchings T, Jiang F, Zhang Y.
    Journal: Int J Lang Commun Disord; 2023; 58(6):1856-1874. PubMed ID: 36537164.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Little is known about the spontaneous speech characteristics of young children with language delay in Mandarin, relative to their peers. Until the recent development of standardized language assessments normed in China on Mandarin-speaking children, it was difficult to independently identify atypically developing children to study their spontaneous speech, and only case studies have been available. AIM: To investigate which aspects of spontaneous speech might be distinctive for atypical development in a short play session. METHODS & PROCEDURES: A total of 86 Mandarin-speaking children, boys and girls aged 2;6-4;6, were tested using the new standardized assessment for Mandarin, Diagnostic Receptive Expressive Assessment of Mandarin-Comprehensive (DREAM-C), at a major urban hospital in China. Of the children, 39 were identified by DREAM-C as atypically developing in language development (Total Standard score M = 72, SD = 8.9), and 47 scored in the typical range (Total Standard score M = 103, SD = 10.8), using the four scales of Receptive, Expressive Semantics and Syntax. All children then took part in a 15-min semi-structured play session during which their spontaneous speech was recorded by professionals. A variety of games and pictures were used in an attempt to elicit spontaneous questions, negatives and descriptions. Their recorded speech samples were then coded by linguists directly into a database in FilemakerPro for different aspects of vocabulary, sentence variety and grammatical morphemes/structures heard. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: The results describe the characteristics of the speech samples for the typical and atypical groups for age groups 2;6-3.5 (N = 52) and 3;6-4.6 (N = 34). Vocabulary diversity was indicated on an ordinal scale ranging from simple communicative signals including headshakes and words such as 'hi' to 'a rich variety of different content words'. Grammatical diversity similarly ranged from 'only yes/no answers', through to the appearance of multi-clause sentences. Morphosyntax was coded in terms of which morphemes were observed at all in the session, such as aspect markers (LE, ZAI, GUO), and nominal morphemes (DE, GE), and also whether function words such as pronouns, Wh-questions and classifiers were singular or varied in the session. There is considerable optionality in morpheme expression in Mandarin, so measurements such as the percentage supplied in obligatory contexts, though useful for languages such as English, are harder to compute. Nevertheless, the data show change over age in all these aspects of language, and reveal what a typically developing child might be expected to produce in a 15-min sample in such a session. For example, it was rare for the typically developing children by age 3.5 not to have at least simple sentences with some function words, and to use adjectives, nouns and verbs, unlike the children with atypical scores. The morphemes DE, LE and GUO showed significant differences in likelihood across groups for both ages, but BA and ZAI were significantly different only for the older age group. In contrast, GE was common in all groups. The atypical group has markedly lower frequency in several grammatical aspects such as the use of diverse questions, classifiers and pronouns, with much less change across age groups, implying slower growth. The results provide useful information on the relative likelihood of observing different varieties of words, sentence types and morphemes in a short speech sample, which are substantially different in the typical versus atypical groups in both age bands, and change over age. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: These data validate the DREAM-C classifications, but the details can also be used to inform the choice of targets for intervention for young children who experience delays in Mandarin language acquisition. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Spontaneous language samples have been used as a means of studying language in China. However, because of the amount of training and time required to transcribe and analyse spontaneous language samples, there is not yet a sufficient basis for identifying language differences between children with and without language disorder in mainland China. What does this paper add to existing knowledge After using DREAM-C to provide an objective measurement of children with and without language disorders, an easy-to-administer spontaneous language assessment protocol and scoring record form allowed the comparison of the spontaneous language of 39 children with atypically developing language with 47 children who scored in the typical range to observe language differences between those with and without typical language development. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The study documents differences in vocabulary and sentence variety, and use of different morphemes such as classifiers, passives and aspect markers to aid in choosing targets for intervention by demonstrating the path of development. In addition, the spontaneous language assessment protocol and scoring record form holds promise for allowing clinicians and researchers to more easily study the language of individual children to personalize intervention, but also of groups of children to understand the emergence of basic Mandarin linguistic features.
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