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  • Title: Helical motion analysis of the knee--II. Kinematics of uninjured and injured knees during walking and pivoting.
    Author: Shiavi R, Limbird T, Frazer M, Stivers K, Strauss A, Abramovitz J.
    Journal: J Biomech; 1987; 20(7):653-65. PubMed ID: 3654664.
    Abstract:
    The knee kinematics of eight individuals with uninjured knees and of seven individuals with ruptured anterior cruciate ligaments have been investigated during walking and pivoting. The kinematics were measured using a six degree of freedom goniometer and quantitated using helical motion analysis. The helical motion variables reveal clearly that the knee is definitely neither a hinge nor a planar joint and its dynamic behavior changes over the stride. Ligamentous loss results in more adduction and external rotation during certain periods of the stride. Also, the range of translation of the tibia in the medial/lateral direction is reduced, and its average translation is more medial.
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