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  • Title: Choledochoscopy in prevention of retained common bile duct stones.
    Author: Markowitz I, Overby JL, Kappelman MD, Webb WR.
    Journal: Am Surg; 1987 Oct; 53(10):558-61. PubMed ID: 3674598.
    Abstract:
    More than 150,000 patients undergo exploration of the common bile duct each year in the United States, and approximately 10 per cent of these patients are later found to have retained common bile duct stones. The usual recommended procedure to decrease the incidence of retained calculi is a more complete exploration of the common duct at time of initial operation. It is thought that the incidence of retained common bile duct stones can be decreased and almost eliminated with proper use of the flexible choledochoscope following intraoperative cystic duct cholangiogram. The technical aspects of choledochoscopy are reviewed and experience with its use in 102 cases between July 1978 and October 1985 is reported. There were no residual stones in the span of the study using the flexible choledochoscope as a routine procedure in common bile duct exploration.
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