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  • Title: Comparison of Normal Saline and Alkalinized 2% Lignocaine to Reduce Emergence Phenomenon and Post-Intubation Morbidities: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Study.
    Author: Sony S, Krishnamurthy J, Reddy KN, Motiani P, Shekhar S.
    Journal: Cureus; 2023 Jan; 15(1):e33910. PubMed ID: 36819305.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND:  Endotracheal intubation for airway management in general anesthesia is associated with post-intubation morbidities due to tracheal mucosa injury caused by endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff. Nitrous oxide (N2O) diffuses into tracheal tube cuffs filled with air. The rate of diffusion of N2O through the membrane is proportional to its concentration gradient. High-volume low-pressure cuffs expand with only a slight increase in pressure until fully inflated. At this point, owing to the inelasticity of the material, the cuff pressure rises rapidly. This increased pressure can damage the tracheal mucosa. This phenomenon can be avoided, if we inflate the cuff with either a liquid or a gas mixture identical to the inspired gas and monitor the cuff pressure and volume at regular intervals. When lignocaine is used to inflate the ETT cuff, it diffuses to the underlying tracheal mucosa. Thus reducing local irritation and inflammation of the airway through its local anesthetic action. Alkalinization of lignocaine increases its rate of diffusion across the ETT cuff. It also reduces the dose of local anesthetic required to achieve the desired result. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:  We sought to determine the benefits of filling the ETT cuff with alkalinized lignocaine 2% over normal saline, to prevent ETT-induced emergence phenomenon and reduce the incidence of post-intubation morbidities like sore throat, hoarseness, and nausea. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective, randomized, double-blind, and comparative study was done at a multispecialty hospital. A total of 120 individuals of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 1 and 2, posted for surgery under general anesthesia, were randomly selected and divided into two groups: alkalinized 2% lignocaine group (group L) and normal saline group (group S). After induction of general anesthesia, the airway was secured with appropriate-sized ETT. The ETT cuff was inflated with either of the study media. Continuous cuff pressure monitoring was done to keep cuff pressure below 30 centimeters of water (cm of H2O), at all times. At extubation, the response was evaluated in terms of percentage change in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure from baseline, coughing, bucking, and restlessness. All the surgeries lasted more than two hours. Post-operatively, the patients were evaluated for sore throat and hoarseness, at regular intervals of up to 24 hours. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: ETT cuff pressure was initially less in group S, which rose to a significantly higher level at extubation, compared to group L (p <0.001). At extubation, there was a significant increase in HR and systolic blood pressure (SBP) from baseline, in group S than in group L (p <0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). The incidence of cough and restlessness was less in group L, compared to group S (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). Mean extubation time and emergence time was more in group S than in group L (p<0.001). Post-operatively, the incidence and severity of sore throat were significantly higher in group S than in group L (p<0.001). Meanwhile, the incidence of hoarseness and nausea was comparable in the two groups. CONCLUSION:  Continuous ETT cuff pressure monitoring helps to keep cuff pressure below tracheal mucosa capillary occlusion pressure. Filling the ETT cuff with alkalinized lignocaine further reduces extubation response and post-intubation morbidities.
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