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  • Title: Diabetes Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome in Companion Animals.
    Author: Gal A, Odunayo A.
    Journal: Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract; 2023 May; 53(3):531-550. PubMed ID: 36898859.
    Abstract:
    Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrinopathy in dogs and cats. Diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are life-threatening complications of diabetes resulting from an imbalance between insulin and the glucose counter-regulatory hormones. The first part of this review focuses on the pathophysiology of DKA and HHS, and rarer complications such as euglycemic DKA and hyperosmolar DKA. The second part of this review focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of these complications.
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