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  • Title: Repeatability of the M-mode echocardiogram and the effects of acute changes in heart rate, cardiac contractility, and preload in healthy cats sedated with ketamine hydrochloride and acepromazine.
    Author: Moise NS, Horne WA, Flanders JA, Strickland D.
    Journal: Cornell Vet; 1986 Jul; 76(3):241-58. PubMed ID: 3731781.
    Abstract:
    In healthy cats sedated with a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and acepromazine, the reproducibility of sequential echocardiographic examinations was studied. The effects of experimental alteration in heart rate, contractility, and preload on the echocardiogram also were studied. Ten cats had M-mode echocardiograms recorded once weekly for 5 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences in echocardiographic measurements over time, although measurements of certain cardiac structures of an individual cat did vary from time to time. The cardiovascular system was altered by a constant infusion of isoproterenol, followed by a rapid intravenous infusion of isotonic fluid equal to 25% of the calculated blood volume, and then by a rapid withdrawal of blood equal to the amount of fluid previously given. Cardiac output using indocyanine green dilution curves were determined for each treatment and compared to the cardiac output calculated from the echocardiogram. The correlation coefficient was 0.90 for all treatments. During the infusion of isoproterenol a significant increase in the percent fractional shortening and left ventricular wall amplitude occurred compared to the control echocardiogram. After the rapid infusion of fluid, none of the mean echocardiographic measurements significantly changed from control values although the left ventricular chamber diameter at systole significantly increased, and the percent fractional shortening significantly decreased, when compared to values obtained during isoproterenol infusion. Significant changes recorded between echocardiographic measurements made after blood withdrawal compared to those made after fluid loading included an increase in left ventricular wall thickness at diastole, a decrease in left ventricular diameter at diastole, and a decrease in the present left ventricular wall thickening. Cats were terminated and the average of measurements made during the repeatability study of the septal and left ventricular wall thickness during systole, rather than during diastole, more closely approximated the postmortem measurements.
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