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  • Title: Müller's muscle in the treatment of upper eyelid retraction: a 12-year study.
    Author: Putterman AM, Fett DR.
    Journal: Ophthalmic Surg; 1986 Jun; 17(6):361-7. PubMed ID: 3755520.
    Abstract:
    Müller's muscle is a sympathetically innervated muscle that can be excised to relieve upper eyelid retraction. A graded, controlled excision of Müller's muscle, with or without recession of the levator aponeurosis, using sensory without motor anesthesia is an excellent technique for releasing thyroid-related upper eyelid retraction. The procedure is simple, based on anatomic and physiologic principles, tailored to the individual patient intraoperatively, and yields consistently good results. In a 12-year study of this procedure, 96% of the treated lids attained lid levels within 1.5 mm of the opposite side. Only seven of 156 treated eyelids required additional surgery.
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