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  • Title: Blood pressure estimation and classification using a reference signal-less photoplethysmography signal: a deep learning framework.
    Author: Pankaj, Kumar A, Komaragiri R, Kumar M.
    Journal: Phys Eng Sci Med; 2023 Dec; 46(4):1589-1605. PubMed ID: 37747644.
    Abstract:
    The markers that help to predict th function of a cardiovascular system are hemodynamic parameters like blood pressure (BP), stroke volume, heart rate, and cardiac output. Continuous analysis of hemodynamic parameters such as BP can detect abnormalities earlier, preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, sometimes due to motion artifacts, it becomes difficult to monitor the BP accurately and classify it. This work presents an optimized deep learning model having the capability to estimate the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and classify the BP stages simultaneously from the same network using only a single channel photoplethysmography (PPG) signal. The proposed model is designed by exploiting the deep learning framework of a convolutional neural network (CNN), exhibiting the inherent ability to extract features automatically. Moreover, the proposed framework utilizes the superlet transform method to transform a 1-D PPG signal into a 2-D super-resolution time-frequency (TF) spectrogram. A superlet transform separates the peaks related to true PPG signal components and motion artifacts components. Thus, the superlet provides a robust realtime approach to accurately estimating and classifying BP using a single PPG sensor signal and does not require additional ECG and PPG sensor signals for reference. Using a super-resolution spectrogram and CNN model makes the method profitable in motion artifact removal, feature selection, and extraction. Hence the proposed framework becomes less complex for deployment on wearable devices having limited battery resources. The performance of the proposed framework is demonstrated on the publicly available larger dataset MIMIC-III. This work obtained a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.71 mmHg and 2.42 mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively. The classification accuracy for the SBP prediction is about 96.79%, whereas it is 98.94% for DBP. From a motion artifact-affected PPG signal, SBP and DBP are estimated. Then the estimated BP is classified into three categories: normotension, prehypertension, and hypertension, and is compared with the state of art methods to show the effectiveness of the proposed optimized framework.
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