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  • Title: Hopfion rings in a cubic chiral magnet.
    Author: Zheng F, Kiselev NS, Rybakov FN, Yang L, Shi W, Blügel S, Dunin-Borkowski RE.
    Journal: Nature; 2023 Nov; 623(7988):718-723. PubMed ID: 37993571.
    Abstract:
    Magnetic skyrmions and hopfions are topological solitons1-well-localized field configurations that have gained considerable attention over the past decade owing to their unique particle-like properties, which make them promising objects for spintronic applications. Skyrmions2,3 are two-dimensional solitons resembling vortex-like string structures that can penetrate an entire sample. Hopfions4-9 are three-dimensional solitons confined within a magnetic sample volume and can be considered as closed twisted skyrmion strings that take the shape of a ring in the simplest case. Despite extensive research on magnetic skyrmions, the direct observation of magnetic hopfions is challenging10 and has only been reported in a synthetic material11. Here we present direct observations of hopfions in crystals. In our experiment, we use transmission electron microscopy to observe hopfions forming coupled states with skyrmion strings in B20-type FeGe plates. We provide a protocol for nucleating such hopfion rings, which we verify using Lorentz imaging and electron holography. Our results are highly reproducible and in full agreement with micromagnetic simulations. We provide a unified skyrmion-hopfion homotopy classification and offer insight into the diversity of topological solitons in three-dimensional chiral magnets.
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