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  • Title: Anlotinib enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration via induction of CCL5 improves the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy in lung cancer.
    Author: Luo J, Cheng K, Ji X, Gao C, Zhu R, Chen J, Xue W, Huang Q, Xu Q.
    Journal: Cancer Lett; 2024 Jun 01; 591():216892. PubMed ID: 38621459.
    Abstract:
    Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide and requires effective treatment strategies. Recently, the development of a novel multiple-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, anlotinib, has drawn increasing attention, especially it shows advantages when combined with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. However, the mechanism by which anlotinib improves immunotherapy and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment remains unclear. In this study, we found that anlotinib combined with PD-1 blockade significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor weight in a lung cancer xenograft model compared to any single treatment. Both immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analyses revealed that anlotinib induced a CD8+ T cell dominated tumor microenvironment, which might account for its improved role in immunotherapy. Further investigations showed that CCL5-mediated CD8+ T cell recruitment plays a critical role in anlotinib and PD-1 blockade strategies. The depletion of CD8+ T cells abrogated this process. In conclusion, our findings showed that the combination of anlotinib and PD-1 blockade produced promising effects in the treatment of lung cancer, and that the induction of CCL5-mediced CD8+ T cell recruitment by anlotinib provided a novel mechanism of action.
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