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Title: [Clinical characteristics of acute macular neuroretinopathy in China associated with COVID-19 infection].
Author: Lu Y, Hong J, Dou HL, Ma BK, Wang CG.
Journal: Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi; 2024 Jul 11; 60(7):611-617. PubMed ID: 38955763.
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate the clinical features of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This retrospective case series study included 15 patients (28 eyes) diagnosed with AMN at the Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, from November 2022 to January 2023. The AMN group comprised 4 males and 11 females, with a mean age of (31.36±8.08) years. A control group of 15 individuals [5 males, 10 females; mean age (33.20±5.10) years] who had COVID-19 but did not develop AMN was also included. Data collected for all patients included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp examination, dilated fundus examination, color fundus photography, fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) results. Serum cytokine levels, including interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were measured for both groups. Results: Among the 28 eyes, severe vision loss (BCVA≤0.3) was observed in 3 eyes (10.7%), moderate vision loss (BCVA>0.3 and≤0.5) in 2 eyes (13.3%), and mild vision loss (BCVA>0.5 and≤1.0) in 23 eyes (82.1%). OCT findings in all 28 eyes revealed hyperreflectivity of the outer nuclear layer and disruption of outer retinal structure. Additionally, 3 eyes (10.7%) exhibited cotton wool spots in the posterior pole, 2 eyes (7.1%) showed mild cystoid macular edema with intraretinal hyperreflective dots, and 1 eye (3.6%) presented with paracentral acute middle maculopathy. FFA indicated retinal vasculitis in 2 cases (4 eyes, 14.3%). Serum levels of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-α, and IFN-γ were significantly higher in the AMN group compared to the control group: IL-4 [4.49 (3.66, 6.08) vs. 1.40 (0.62, 1.68) pg/ml], IL-5 [7.34 (5.04, 14.06) vs. 0.17 (0.11, 1.86) pg/ml], IFN-α [8.42 (6.31, 14.89) vs. 0.50 (0.30, 0.83) pg/ml], and IFN-γ [17.93 (12.75, 32.44) vs. 7.43 (0.00, 14.74) pg/ml], with all differences being statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion: AMN following COVID-19 can present with wedge-shaped dark red lesions in the macular area, often accompanied by cotton wool spots and retinal vasculitis. Additionally, there is a significant elevation in various inflammatory cytokines in the serum. 目的： 探讨新型冠状病毒感染后的急性神经视网膜病变（AMN）的临床特征。 方法： 回顾性病例系列研究。收集2022年11月至2023年1月在北京大学第三医院眼科诊断为AMN的15例（28只眼）新型冠状病毒感染者资料作为AMN组，其中男性4例，女性患者11例，年龄为（31.36±8.08）岁。同期选择新型冠状病毒感染后未发生AMN者15名作为对照组，其中男性5例，女性10例，年龄为（33.20±5.10）岁。收集所有患者的最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、裂隙灯检查、散瞳后眼底检查、彩色眼底照相、荧光素眼底血管造影术（FFA）、相干光层析成像术（OCT）检查结果。对两组受试者进行血清细胞因子检测，包括白细胞介素（IL）类、干扰素（IFN）类以及肿瘤坏死因子α的水平。 结果： 28只眼中，严重视力下降（BCVA≤0.3）者3只眼（10.7%），中度视力下降（BCVA>0.3且≤0.5）者2只眼（13.3%），轻度视力下降（BCVA>0.5且≤1.0）者23只眼（82.1%）。所有28只眼在OCT上均表现为外核层高反射及外层视网膜结构的不连续，其中有3只眼同时伴有后极部视网膜1处或多处棉絮斑（10.7%），2只眼伴有轻度黄斑囊样水肿和视网膜内高反射点（7.1%），1只眼同时伴有旁中心性急性黄斑病变（3.6%）。有2例（4只眼，14.3%）FFA检查结果提示伴有视网膜血管炎。AMN组和对照组血清IL-4分别为4.49（3.66，6.08）和1.40（0.62，1.68）pg/ml、IL-5分别为7.34（5.04，14.06）和0.17（0.11，1.86）pg/ml、IFN-α分别为8.42（6.31，14.89）和0.50（0.30，0.83）pg/ml、IFN-γ分别为17.93（12.75，32.44）和7.43（0.00，14.74）pg/ml，两组差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。 结论： 新型冠状病毒感染后AMN除表现为黄斑区楔形暗红色病灶外，还可合并棉絮斑以及视网膜血管炎，同时伴有血清多种炎症因子的升高。.

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