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  • Title: Blepharospasm and Meige syndrome: a review of diagnostic, aetiological and treatment approaches.
    Author: Faulstich ME, Carnrike CL, Williamson DA.
    Journal: J Psychosom Res; 1985; 29(1):89-94. PubMed ID: 3920392.
    Abstract:
    No known pathophysiological mechanism can explain the majority of cases of blepharospasm, i.e. spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle; it may also affect the lower face, neck and jaw--Meige syndrome. Only symptomatic treatment is possible, and surgery should be a last resort for severe cases. Much more clinical research will be required before promising behavioural interventions, including biofeedback, can be considered treatments of choice.
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