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  • Title: Flexible fiberoptic pericardioscopy for the diagnosis of pericardial disease.
    Author: Kondos GT, Rich S, Levitsky S.
    Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol; 1986 Feb; 7(2):432-4. PubMed ID: 3944363.
    Abstract:
    Pericardiocentesis provides an etiologic diagnosis for pericardial effusions approximately 25% of the time. In seven patients with evidence of a large pericardial effusion of unknown origin without cardiac tamponade, a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope was inserted through a subxiphoid incision after the effusion was drained. Pericardioscopy allowed visualization of all pericardial surfaces and made it possible to perform selective biopsy not limited to a subxiphoid window. It is a safe procedure that can permit distinction among benign, malignant and tuberculous origins of pericardial effusion.
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