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  • Title: Covered anus with anocutaneous fistula: the muscular sphincters.
    Author: N'Guessan G, Stephens FD.
    Journal: J Pediatr Surg; 1986 Jan; 21(1):33-5. PubMed ID: 3944754.
    Abstract:
    A rare specimen of a covered anus with anocutaneous fistula obtained from a newborn female baby was subjected to macroexamination and microexamination to determine the anatomy of the sphincters and the levatores musculature. The internal sphincter and the deep voluntary sphincters, albeit slightly modified, were well developed but the sphincters in the perineum were absent or rudimentary. The pelvic muscles were present even in the absence of the sacrum up to and including the second sacral vertebra.
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