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  • Title: ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Outcomes: Recommendations from the 2024 Egyptian Cardiology Expert Consensus in Collaboration with the CVREP Foundation.
    Author: Sobhy M, Eletriby A, Ragy H, Kandil H, Saleh MA, Farag N, Guindy R, Bendary A, Nayel AME, Shawky A, Khairy A, Mortada A, Zarif B, Badran H, Khorshid H, Mahmoud K, Said K, Leon K, Abdelsabour M, Tawfik M, Abdelmegid MAF, Koriem M, Loutfi M, Wadie M, Elnoamany M, Sadaka M, Seleem M, Zahran M, Amin OA, Elkaffas S, Ayad S, Kilany WE, Ammar W, Elawady W, Elhammady W, Abdelhady Y.
    Journal: Cardiol Ther; 2024 Dec; 13(4):707-736. PubMed ID: 39455534.
    Abstract:
    INTRODUCTION: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a pivotal role in regulating blood pressure (BP), with dysregulation of RAAS resulting in hypertension and potentially heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), cardio-renal syndrome, and stroke. RAAS inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), have advantages beyond BP control. However, differences between these two drug classes need to be considered when choosing a therapy for preventing cardiovascular events. METHODS: A panel of 36 Egyptian cardiologists developed consensus statements on RAAS inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular outcomes and stroke, using a modified three-step Delphi process. RESULTS: The consensus statements highlight the importance of effective BP control and the role of RAAS blockade for prevention and management of various cardiovascular diseases. ACEis and ARBs differ in their mode of action and, thus, clinical effects. On the basis of available evidence, the consensus group recommended the following: ACEis should be considered as first choice (in preference to ARBs) to reduce the risk of MI, for primary prevention of HF, and for secondary prevention of stroke. ACEis and ARBs show equivalent efficacy for the primary prevention of stroke. Evidence also favors the preferential use of ACEis in patients with type 2 diabetes, for BP control, for the primary prevention of diabetic kidney disease, and to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Treatment with an ACEi should be started within 24 h of ST segment elevation MI (and continued long term) in patients with HF, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and/or diabetes. Angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) are the first choice for patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction, with ACEis being the second choice in this group. ARBs are indicated as alternatives in patients who cannot tolerate ACEis. ACEis may be associated with cough development, but the incidence tends to be overestimated, and the risk can be reduced by use of a lipophilic ACEi or combining the ACEi with a calcium channel blocker. CONCLUSION: RAAS blockade is an essential component of hypertension therapy; however, the protective effects provided by ACEis are superior to those of ARBs. Therefore, an ACEi is indicated in almost all cases, unless not tolerated. Overstimulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system—a key regulator of blood pressure, and fluid and electrolyte balance—is known to cause an increase in blood pressure (also known as “hypertension”) and other diseases of the heart and blood vessels (the cardiovascular system). As such, treatments to block (or inhibit) this overstimulation are an essential part of medical strategies designed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, especially in patients with hypertension (in whom the risk of death due to cardiovascular causes is high). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are two types of medication that block overstimulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, but they work in different ways. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are superior to angiotensin receptor blockers after heart attacks (acute myocardial infarction), in patients with heart failure, for the prevention of stroke in individuals who have already had a stroke, and in patients with diabetes. Both types of medication have beneficial effects on the kidneys and associated outcomes, but only angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to significantly reduce death due to cardiovascular causes, as well as death due to any cause. Overall, the protective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the heart are substantially greater than those of angiotensin receptor blockers, meaning that treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is preferred in all patients, except those who cannot tolerate the side effects of this drug class.
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