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  • Title: Management of anal incontinence.
    Author: Rosen L, Khubchandani IT, Sheets JA, Stasik JJ, Riether RD.
    Journal: Am Fam Physician; 1986 Mar; 33(3):129-37. PubMed ID: 3953338.
    Abstract:
    Anal incontinence can be attributed to anatomic and physiologic alterations in the external sphincter, internal sphincter and puborectalis muscle. Altered compliance or changes in the sensory threshold are contributing factors. In addition to history and physical examination, anal manometry and radiologic examination of the anorectal angle are helpful in determining the exact causative factors. Depending on the cause, either medical therapy or surgical repair can control anal incontinence.
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